三重制约下的试点陷阱：北美V2G规模化应用困境及中国镜鉴

黄宇翔; 许星原; 陈皓勇; 张小平

doi:10.7500/AEPS20251128001

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

三重制约下的试点陷阱：北美V2G规模化应用困境及中国镜鉴

新型电力系统背景下的车网互动关键技术与应用实践 | 更新时间：2026-08-21

- 三重制约下的试点陷阱：北美V2G规模化应用困境及中国镜鉴
- Pilot Trap Under Triple Constraints: Dilemmas of V2G Large-scale Application in North America and Lessons for China
- 电力系统自动化 2026年50卷第15期页码：89-105
- 作者机构：
  
  1.广州发展集团股份有限公司，广东省广州市 510623
  2.华南理工大学电力学院，广东省广州市 510640
  3.广州发展集团研究院有限公司，广东省广州市 511466
  4.英国伯明翰大学电子电气与系统工程系，伯明翰 B15 2TT，英国
- 作者简介：
  
  黄宇翔(1996—)，男，博士，博士后研究员，主要研究方向：虚拟电厂、电力市场。E-mail：893629600@qq.com
  许星原(2002—)，男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：虚拟电厂、电力市场。E-mail：xuxingyuanwork@163.com
  陈皓勇(1975—)，男，通信作者，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向：电力系统自动化、电力市场、综合能源系统等。E-mail：eehychen@scut.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB2403500)
- DOI：10.7500/AEPS20251128001
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-11-28，
  
  修回：2026-05-08，
  
  网络首发：2026-07-03，
  
  纸质出版：2026-08-10
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
黄宇翔,许星原,陈皓勇等.三重制约下的试点陷阱：北美V2G规模化应用困境及中国镜鉴[J].电力系统自动化,2026,50(15):89-105.

HUANG Yuxiang,XU Xingyuan,CHEN Haoyong,et al.Pilot Trap Under Triple Constraints: Dilemmas of V2G Large-scale Application in North America and Lessons for China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2026,50(15):89-105.
黄宇翔,许星原,陈皓勇等.三重制约下的试点陷阱：北美V2G规模化应用困境及中国镜鉴[J].电力系统自动化,2026,50(15):89-105. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20251128001.

HUANG Yuxiang,XU Xingyuan,CHEN Haoyong,et al.Pilot Trap Under Triple Constraints: Dilemmas of V2G Large-scale Application in North America and Lessons for China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2026,50(15):89-105. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20251128001.

摘要

车网互动（V2G）技术是提升电网灵活性、促进新能源消纳的关键路径。中国虽在V2G技术验证上取得显著进展，但仍面临商业化推广的规模瓶颈。文中以北美近30年的V2G探索历程为镜鉴，识别出制度碎片化、市场机制失配、能力断层这“三重制约”因素及其相互作用形成的“试点陷阱”，并通过加利福尼亚州、得克萨斯州和纽约州的典型案例揭示了其在不同制度环境下的失效机制。研究表明，技术成熟并不能自动转化为市场成功。针对中国情境，提出将体制优势转化为技术架构优势，构建基于统一标准的“云-管-边-端”V2G协同控制架构，以解决跨区域协调与数据孤岛问题；并进一步提出了“商用先行、公务示范、民用跟进”的差异化实施路径，以及换电模式与双向充电协同的技术发展策略。所得研究结论警示了单纯依赖政策推动的局限性，为中国V2G从试点走向规模化提供了系统性的理论参考与实施框架。

Abstract

The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is a critical pathway for enhancing grid flexibility and promoting renewable energy accommodation. Although China has made significant progress in technological verification of V2G

it still faces bottlenecks in commercial promotion. Drawing on North America’s nearly three-decade exploration as a mirror

this paper identifies the “pilot trap” formed by the interplay of triple constraints—institutional fragmentation

market mechanism misalignment

and capability gaps. These constraints are empirically examined through case studies of California

Texas

and New York

revealing their failure mechanisms under different institutional contexts. The study indicates that technological maturity does not automatically translate into market success. For the Chinese context

this paper proposes transforming institutional strengths into technological architecture advantages by building a unified standard based “cloud-pipe-edge-device” hierarchical coordinated control architecture for V2G to address cross-regional coordination and data silo issues. This paper further proposes a differentiated implementation path of “commercial use first

official demonstration

and civilian adoption later”

along with a technical development strategy emphasizing the synergy between battery swapping and bidirectional charging. The findings caution against the limitations of policy-driven approaches and offer a systematic theoretical reference and implementation framework for V2G in China from pilot projects to large-scale application

关键词

Keywords

references

黄学良，刘永东，沈斐，等 . 电动汽车与电网互动：综述与展望［J］. 电力系统自动化， 2024 ， 48 （ 7 ）： 3 - 23 .

HUANG Xueliang ， LIU Yongdong ， SHEN Fei ， et al . Vehicle to grid： review and prospect ［J］. Automation of Electric Power Systems ， 2024 ， 48 （ 7 ）： 3 - 23 .

师瑞峰，李少鹏 . 电动汽车V2G问题研究综述［J］. 电力系统及其自动化学报， 2019 ， 31 （ 6 ）： 28 - 37 .

SHI Ruifeng ， LI Shaopeng . Reviews of V2G problems in electric vehicles ［J］. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA ， 2019 ， 31 （ 6 ）： 28 - 37 .

吴佳琦，张谦，吴小汉，等 . 电动汽车与电网互动的关键问题研究综述［J］. 汽车工程学报， 2022 ， 12 （ 4 ）： 411 - 430 .

WU Jiaqi ， ZHANG Qian ， WU Xiaohan ， et al . Review of key issues in the interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid ［J］. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering ， 2022 ， 12 （ 4 ）： 411 - 430 .

中华人民共和国公安部 . 全国机动车保有量达4.69亿辆驾驶人达5.59亿名［EB/OL］.［ 2026-05-08 ］. https：//www.mps.gov.cn/n2254314/n6409334/c10383533/content.html https://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254314/n6409334/c10383533/content.html .

Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China . The total number of motor vehicles in China reaches 469 million and licensed drivers hit 559 million ［EB/OL］. ［ 2026-05-08 ］. https：//www.mps.gov.cn/n2254314/n6409334/c10383533/content.html https://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254314/n6409334/c10383533/content.html .

董鹏程，黄雅熙，王龙 . 首批车网互动规模化应用试点来了［N］. 羊城晚报， 2025-04-09 （ZA 11 ）.

DONG Pengcheng ， HUANG Yaxi ， WANG Long . First batch of large-scale application pilots for vehicle-to-grid launched ［N］. Yangcheng Evening News ， 2025-04-09 （ZA 11 ）.

赵轩，张元星，李斌，等 . 国内外车网互动试点成效分析与发展建议［J］. 电力自动化设备， 2022 ， 42 （ 10 ）： 280 - 292 .

ZHAO Xuan ， ZHANG Yuanxing ， LI Bin ， et al . Effect analysis and development suggestions of domestic and foreign vehicle-grid integration pilot projects ［J］. Electric Power Automation Equipment ， 2022 ， 42 （ 10 ）： 280 - 292 .

李立理，张剑，刘雨薇，等 . 美国加州车网互动政策、标准与市场机制最新进展及其启示［J］. 电力系统自动化， 2024 ， 48 （ 7 ）： 38 - 46 .

LI Lili ， ZHANG Jian ， LIU Yuwei ， et al . Latest development and enlightenment of vehicle to grid policies， standards and market mechanisms in California， USA ［J］. Automation of Electric Power Systems ， 2024 ， 48 （ 7 ）： 38 - 46 .

NELSON R R ， WINTER S G . An evolutionary theory of economic change ［M］. Cambridge， USA ： Harvard University Press ， 1985 .

CHRISTENSEN C M ， ROSENBLOOM R S . Explaining the attacker’s advantage： technological paradigms， organizational dynamics， and the value network ［J］. Research Policy ， 1995 ， 24 （ 2 ）： 233 - 257 .

KEMPTON W ， LETENDRE S E . Electric vehicles as a new power source for electric utilities ［J］. Transportation Research Part D： Transport and Environment ， 1997 ， 2 （ 3 ）： 157 - 175 .

KEMPTON W ， TOMIC J ， LETENDRE S ， et al . Vehicle-to-grid power： battery， hybrid， and fuel cell vehicles as resources for distributed electric power in California ［R］. Davis， USA ： Institute of Transportation Studies， University of California ， 2001 .

KEMPTON W ， TOMIĆ J . Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals： calculating capacity and net revenue ［J］. Journal of Power Sources ， 2005 ， 144 （ 1 ）： 268 - 279 .

KEMPTON W ， TOMIĆ J . Vehicle-to-grid power implementation： from stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy ［J］. Journal of Power Sources ， 2005 ， 144 （ 1 ）： 280 - 294 .

KEMPTON W ， UDO V ， HUBER K ， et al . A test of vehicle-to-grid （V2G） for energy storage and frequency regulation in the PJM system ［R］. Newark， USA ： University of Delaware ， 2009 .

CHAKRABORTY S ， KRAMER W ， KROPOSKI B ， et al . Interim test procedures for evaluating electrical performance and grid integration of vehicle-to-grid applications： NREL/TP-5500-51001 ［R/OL］. ［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/51001.pdf https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/51001.pdf .

JEWETT D . Nissan Leaf electric vehicle headed for U.S. market in 2010 ［EB/OL］. （ 2009-07-31 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.autoweek.com/news/a2017491/nissan-leaf-electric-vehicle-headed-us-market-2010/ https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2017491/nissan-leaf-electric-vehicle-headed-us-market-2010/ .

Nuvve Holding Corp . Nuvve V2G GIVe technology sell sheet ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-17 ］. https：//nuvve.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nuvve-v2g-give-sell-sheet-aug2021.pdf https://nuvve.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/nuvve-v2g-give-sell-sheet-aug2021.pdf .

CHAdeMO Association . V 2 G/VGI technology ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.chademo.com/technology/v2g https://www.chademo.com/technology/v2g .

HOFFMAN C . Ford confirms 2022 F-150 Lightning EV battery specs ［EB/OL］. （ 2021-12-17 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.caranddriver.com/news/a38552140/2022-ford-f-150-lightning-battery-specs-revealed/ https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a38552140/2022-ford-f-150-lightning-battery-specs-revealed/ .

Nuvve Holding Corp . Nuvve partners with San Diego Gas & Electric to allow electric school buses to give energy back to the grid and prevent blackouts through the emergency load reduction program（ELRP）［EB/OL］. （ 2022-07-19 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.prnewswire.com https://www.prnewswire.com .

Fermata Energy . Nissan taps Fermata Energy for Nissan Energy Share pilot ［EB/OL］. （ 2018-11-27 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//fermataenergy.com https://fermataenergy.com .

KUMAR P ， CHANNI H K ， KUMAR R ， et al . A comprehensive review of vehicle-to-grid integration in electric vehicles： powering the future ［J］. Energy Conversion and Management： X ， 2025 ， 25 ： 100864 .

V 2 G News . Mapping the innovation landscape： what V2G patents tell us about the technology’s trajectory ［EB/OL］. （ 2025-08-12 ）［ 2025-10-22 ］. https：//v2gnews.com/blog/mapping-the-innovation-landscape-what-v2g-patents-tell-us-abou https://v2gnews.com/blog/mapping-the-innovation-landscape-what-v2g-patents-tell-us-abou

t-the-technologys-trajectory/ .

Nuvve Corporation . Nuvve GIVe TM platform， the world’s largest aggregator participates in TenneT’s frequency regulation market in the Netherlands ［EB/OL］. （ 2016-05-04 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nuvve-give-platform-the-worlds-largest-aggregator-participates-in-tennets-frequency-regulation-market-in-the-netherlands-300262624.html https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nuvve-give-platform-the-worlds-largest-aggregator-participates-in-tennets-frequency-regulation-market-in-the-netherlands-300262624.html .

FERMATA ENERGY FE-20 V 2 X charger ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.chademo.com/products/v2g/fermata-energy-fe-20-v2x-charger https://www.chademo.com/products/v2g/fermata-energy-fe-20-v2x-charger .

STURMBERG B C P ， HAPUARACHCHI L ， JONES L ， et al . Vehicle-to-grid response to a frequency contingency in a national grid ［J］. Sustainable Mobility and Transport ， 2024 ， 1 ： 7 .

CHARGED EVS . Synop is one of the few doing V2G projects commercially： Q&A with co-founder ［EB/OL］. （ 2024-06-14 ）［ 2025-01-27 ］. https：//chargedevs.com/features/synop-is-one-of-the-few-doing-v2g-project-commercially-qa-with-co-founder/ https://chargedevs.com/features/synop-is-one-of-the-few-doing-v2g-project-commercially-qa-with-co-founder/ .

Nuvve Holding Corp . Nuvve provides fourth quarter and full year 2022 financial update ［EB/OL］. （ 2023-03-31 ）［ 2025-11-28 ］. https：//investors.nuvve.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nuvve-provides-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2022-financi- al/ https://investors.nuvve.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nuvve-provides-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2022-financi-al/ .

CLINTON R N . Criminal jurisdiction over Indian lands： a journey through a jurisdictional maze ［J］. Arizona Law Review ， 1976 ， 18 （ 3 ）： 503 - 583 .

DENNIS J S ， KELLY S G ， NORDHAUS R R ， et al . Federal/State jurisdictional split： implications for emerging electricity technologies ［R］. Berkeley， USA ： Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ， 2016 .

SAARMAN GONZÁLEZ G S . Evolving jurisdiction under the Federal Power Act： promoting clean energy policy ［J］. UCLA Law Review ， 2016 ， 63 （ 5 ）： 1422 .

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission . Explainer： facilitating participation in electricity markets by distributed energy resources （Order No. 2222）［EB/OL］. （ 2020-09-17 ）［ 2025-11-28 ］. https：//www.ferc.gov/ferc-order-no-2222-explainer-facilitating-participation-electricity-markets-distributed-energy https://www.ferc.gov/ferc-order-no-2222-explainer-facilitating-participation-electricity-markets-distributed-energy .

International Council on Clean Transportation . Electric vehicle market and policy developments in U.S. states， 2023 ［R/OL］. （ 2024-06-04 ）［ 2025-10-20 ］. https：//theicct.org/publication/ev-ldv-us-major-markets-monitor-2023-june24/ https://theicct.org/publication/ev-ldv-us-major-markets-monitor-2023-june24/ .

ÁRVAI J . How the oil industry and growing political divides turned climate change into a partisan issue ［EB/OL］. （ 2025-03-03 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/how-oil-industry-and-growing-political-divides-turned-climate-change-partisan/ https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/how-oil-industry-and-growing-political-divides-turned-climate-change-partisan/ .

EGAN P J ， MULLIN M . US partisan polarization on climate change： can stalemate give way to opportunity ［J］. Political Science & Politics ， 2024 ， 57 （ 1 ）： 30 - 35 .

KAROL D . Red， green， and blue： the partisan divide on environmental issues ［M］. Cambridge， USA ： Cambridge University Press ， 2019 .

California Legislature . Assembly Bill No. 2127： an act to add Section 25229 to the Public Resources Code， relating to electric vehicles： chapter 365 ， statutes of 2018［EB/OL］. （ 2018-09-13 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml？bill_id=201720180AB2127 https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2127 .

Texas and others create ‘punitive’ barriers to EV transition ［EB/OL］. （ 2023-08-25 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.eenews.net/ar https://www.eenews.net/ar

ticles/texas-and-others-create-punitive-barriers-to-ev-transition/ .

EV Charging Stations . DC fast-charging connectors by standard （NACS， CCS 1 ， CHAdeMO）： January 2025［EB/OL］. （ 2025-01-04 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//evchargingstations.com/charging https://evchargingstations.com/charging

news/dc-fast-charging-connectors-by-standard-january-2025/ .

BOMMANA B ， KUMAR J ， NUVVULA R ， et al . A comprehensive examination of the protocols， technologies， and safety requirements for electric vehicle charging infrastructure ［EB/OL］. （ 2023-06-15 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.researchgate.net/publication/371610631 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371610631 .

Federal Register . National electric vehicle infrastructure standards and requirements ［EB/OL］. （ 2023-02-28 ）［ 2025-10-24 ］. https：//www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-an- d-requirements https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-an-d-requirements .

CHHAYA S . Vehicle-to-grid： $ 1 billion in annual grid benefits［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-12-17 ］. https：//eprijournal.com/vehicle-to-grid-1-billion-in-annual-grid-benefits/ https://eprijournal.com/vehicle-to-grid-1-billion-in-annual-grid-benefits/ .

SOVACOOL B K ， KESTER J ， NOEL L ， et al . Actors， business models， and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid （V2G） technology： a comprehensive review ［J］. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ， 2020 ， 131 ： 109963 .

LIAO S ， HUANG Y ， YANG W ， et al . Investment decision analysis approach for urban V2G projects based on value network ［J］. Sustainable Cities and Society ， 2025 ， 127 ： 106440 .

J. Pollock ， Inc . 2023 electric utility authorized ROEs ［EB/OL］. （ 2024-02-23 ）［ 2026-01-27 ］. https：//jpollockinc.com/2023-electric-utility-authorized-roes/ https://jpollockinc.com/2023-electric-utility-authorized-roes/ .

ROBERTS C . Fighting back against high fixed charges on electricity bills ［EB/OL］. （ 2015-01-27 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.sierraclub.org/planet/2015/01/fighting-back-against-high-fixed-charges-electricity-bills https://www.sierraclub.org/planet/2015/01/fighting-back-against-high-fixed-charges-electricity-bills .

GHOTGE R ， NIJSSEN K ， ANNEMA J A ， et al . Use before you choose： what do EV drivers think about V2G after experiencing it ［J］. Energies ， 2022 ， 15 （ 13 ）： 4907 .

EVBOX . Electric car range and 5 reasons why your range anxiety is unwarranted ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-20 ］. http：//blog.evbox.com/eliminate-range-anxiety http://blog.evbox.com/eliminate-range-anxiety .

GASPER P . Electric vehicles play a surprising role in supporting grid resiliency ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-20 ］. https：//www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/evs-play-surprising-role-in-supporting-grid-resiliency.html https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/evs-play-surprising-role-in-supporting-grid-resiliency.html .

PricewaterhouseCoopers . Consumers willing to pay 9.7% sustainability premium， even as cost-of-living and inflationary concerns weigh： PwC 2024 voice of the consumer survey ［R/OL］. （ 2024-05-15 ）［ 2026-01-27 ］. https：//www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-2024-voice-of-consumer-survey.html https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-2024-voice-of-consumer-survey.html .

California State Legislature . California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018： AB 375 ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-21 ］. https：//oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa .

Virginia General Assembly . Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act： SB 1392 ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-21 ］. https：//law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title59.1/chapter53/ https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title59.1/chapter53/ .

U.S. Energy Information Administration . Major utilities continue to increase spending on U.S. electric distribution systems ［EB/OL］. （ 2018-07-25 ）［ 2025-10-21 ］. https：//www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.phpid=36675 https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.phpid=36675 .

FARRELL L . The national electric grid is ready for retirement： what do we do ［EB/OL］.（ 2025-04-10 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//revolutionized.com/national-electric-grid/ https://revolutionized.com/national-electric-grid/ .

STEWARD D . Critical elements of vehicle-to-grid （V2G） economics ［R/OL］. （ 2017-09-01 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/69017.pdf https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/69017.pdf .

Escalent . BEV shoppers lack awareness of vehicle-to-home， vehicle-to-grid capabilities ［EB/OL］. （ 2024-02-20 ）［ 2026-04-02 ］. https：//escalent.co/news/bev-shoppers-lack-awareness-of-vehicle-to-home-vehicle-to-grid-capabilities/ https://escalent.co/news/bev-shoppers-lack-awareness-of-vehicle-to-home-vehicle-to-grid-capabilities/ .

GILL I S ， KHARAS H J ， BHATTASALI D . An East Asian renaissance： ideas for economic growth ［M］. Washington， D.C.， USA ： World Bank Publications ， 2007 .

AGARWAL V ， ELOOT K ， PATEL A . Moving past the ‘pilot trap’ to unleash Industry 4.0 in Indonesia ［EB/OL］. （ 2019-02-11 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/moving-past-the-pilot-trap-to-unleash-industry-4-0-in-indonesia https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/moving-past-the-pilot-trap-to-unleash-industry-4-0-in-indonesia .

MULLER W . America’s electric vehicle transition is well underway — but not in Louisiana ［EB/OL］. （ 2024-10-11 ）［ 2026-01-27 ］. https：//lailluminator.com/2024/10/11/americas-electric-vehicle-transition-is-well-underway-but-not-in-louisiana/ https://lailluminator.com/2024/10/11/americas-electric-vehicle-transition-is-well-underway-but-not-in-louisiana/ .

California Public Utilities Commission . CPUC supports transportation electrification with approval of PG&E vehicle-grid integration pilot programs ［EB/OL］. （ 2022-05-05 ）［ 2025-10-17 ］. https：//www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-supports-transportation-electrification-with-approval-of-pge-vgi-pilots https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/news-and-updates/all-news/cpuc-supports-transportation-electrification-with-approval-of-pge-vgi-pilots .

Utility Dive . California approves $11.7M vehicle-to-grid pilots in PG&E footprint ［EB/OL］. （ 2022-05-06 ）［ 2025-10-17 ］. https：//www.utilitydive.com/news/california-approves-117m-vehicle-to-grid-pilots-in-pge-footprint/621393/ https://www.utilitydive.com/news/california-approves-117m-vehicle-to-grid-pilots-in-pge-footprint/621393/ .

California Public Utilities Commission . Self-generation incentive program ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-10-17 ］. https：//www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/electrical-energy/demand-side-management/self-generation-incentive-program https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/electrical-energy/demand-side-management/self-generation-incentive-program .

AURORA SOLAR . California’s new smart inverter requirements： what “Rule 21” means for solar design ［EB/OL］. ［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//aurorasolar.com https://aurorasolar.com .

BURGESS E . Reply testimony of Ed Burgess on behalf of the Vehicle-Grid Integration Council ［R/OL］. （ 2021-09-10 ）［ 2025-09-29 ］. https：//webproda.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/summer-2021-reliability/reply-testimony/vgics-reply-testimony-on-phase-2-emergency-reliability-proposals--final.pdf https://webproda.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/summer-2021-reliability/reply-testimony/vgics-reply-testimony-on-phase-2-emergency-reliability-proposals--final.pdf .

California Energy Commission . Assembly Bill 2127 second electric vehicle charging infrastructure assessment： assessing charging needs to support zero-emission vehicles in 2030 and 2035 ［R/OL］. ［ 2025-09-29 ］. https：//www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2024/assembly-bill-2127-second-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-assessment https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2024/assembly-bill-2127-second-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-assessment .

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ， North American Electric Reliability Corporation . The February 2021 cold weather outages in Texas and the South Central United States： FERC， NERC and Regional Entity staff report ［R/OL］. （ 2021-11-16 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.ferc.gov/media/february-2021-cold-weather-outages-texas-and-south-central-united-states -ferc-nerc-and https://www.ferc.gov/media/february-2021-cold-weather-outages-texas-and-south-central-united-states-ferc-nerc-and .

FARRELL J ， SALONER G . Standardization， compatibility， and innovation ［J］. RAND Journal of Economics ， 1985 ， 16 （ 1 ）： 70 - 83 .

DRANE A . Griddy bankruptcy plan confirms forgiveness of $29M in unpaid electric bills ［EB/OL］. （ 2021-08-30 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/griddy-houston-energy-ken-paxton-21090489.php https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/griddy-houston-energy-ken-paxton-21090489.php .

Astute Analytica . Vehicle-to-grid （V2G） market to reach US$ 4 526.8 million by 2033 ［R/OL］. （ 2025-10-22 ）［ 2025-10-26 ］. https：//www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/10/22/3171284/0/en/Vehicle-to-Grid-V2G-Market-to-Reach-US-4-52 https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/10/22/3171284/0/en/Vehicle-to-Grid-V2G-Market-to-Reach-US-4-52

6 - 8-Million-by-2033-Astute-Analytica . html .

ARTHUR W B . Competing technologies， increasing returns， and lock-in by historical events ［J］. The Economic Journal ， 1989 ， 99 （ 394 ）： 116 - 131 .

Texas Legislature . Senate Bill 3： relating to preparing for， preventing， and responding to weather emergencies and power outages； increasing the amount of administrative penalties ［S/OL］. （ 2021-06-08 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/BillSummary.aspxLegSess=87R&Bill=SB3 https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/BillSummary.aspxLegSess=87R&Bill=SB3 .

New York （State） . Reforming the energy vision ［R/OL］. （ 2016-04-26 ）［ 2025-10-26 ］. https：//www.ny.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/REV42616WHATYOUNEEDTOK NOW.pdf https://www.ny.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/REV42616WHATYOUNEEDTOKNOW.pdf .

NYSERDA . Value stack reference guide for storage developers ［R/OL］. ［ 2025-10-27 ］. https：//www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Project/Nyserda/Files/Programs/Energy-Storage/Value https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Project/Nyserda/Files/Programs/Energy-Storage/Value

-Stack-Reference-Guide-for-Storage-Developers . pdf .

Fermata Energy . Revel， Fermata Energy， NineDot Energy launch first V2G system on NYC’s grid ［EB/OL］. （ 2022-08-22 ）［ 2025-10-27 ］. https：//fermataenergy.com/article/revel-fermata-energy-ninedot-energy-launch-first-v2g-system-on-nycs-grid/ https://fermataenergy.com/article/revel-fermata-energy-ninedot-energy-launch-first-v2g-system-on-nycs-grid/ .

Utility Dive . New York City’s first vehicle-to-grid charging installation is live in Brooklyn ［EB/OL］. （ 2022-09-12 ）［ 2025-10-22 ］. https：//www.utilitydive.com/news/new-york-first-vehicle-to-grid-charging-installation-V2G-Revel-Fermata-NineD ot/631555/ https://www.utilitydive.com/news/new-york-first-vehicle-to-grid-charging-installation-V2G-Revel-Fermata-NineDot/631555/ .

吕军，栾文鹏，刘日亮，等 . 基于全面感知和软件定义的配电物联网体系架构［J］. 电网技术， 2018 ， 42 （ 10 ）： 3108 - 3115 .

LÜ Jun ， LUAN Wenpeng ， LIU Riliang ， et al . Architecture of distribution Internet of Things based on widespread sensing & software defined technology ［J］. Power System Technology ， 2018 ， 42 （ 10 ）： 3108 - 3115 .

王鹏 . 构建配电物联网推进能源生产消费革命［EB/OL］.（ 2018-10-17 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20181017/934664-1.shtml https://shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20181017/934664-1.shtml .

WANG Peng . Building distribution Internet of Things to promote energy production and consumption revolution ［EB/OL］. （ 2018-10-17 ）［ 2026-01-31 ］. https：//shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20181017/934664-1.shtml https://shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20181017/934664-1.shtml

王明深，袁晓冬，曾飞，等 . 电动汽车充电设施规划运行关键技术研究综述［J］. 电力自动化设备， 2025 ， 45 （ 5 ）： 65 - 76 .

WANG Mingshen ， YUAN Xiaodong ， ZENG Fei ， et al . Review of key technologies research for electric vehicle charging facilities planning and scheduling ［J］. Electric Power Automation Equipment ， 2025 ， 45 （ 5 ）： 65 - 76 .

黄小庆，于慎仟，朱彬，等 . 移动充放电设施技术及其规划与运营研究综述［J］. 电力自动化设备， 2024 ， 44 （ 7 ）： 246 - 254 .

HUANG Xiaoqing ， YU Shenqian ， ZHU Bin ， et al . Review of mobile charging and discharging facility technology and its planning and operation research ［J］. Electric Power Automation Equipment ， 2024 ， 44 （ 7 ）： 246 - 254 .

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

大规模电动汽车充换电设施集总功率实时分解策略

面向规模化应用的车网互动：实践进展、关键瓶颈与发展路径

考虑电动汽车生命周期碳配额的车网时空协同低碳优化调度

基于轨迹优化及牵制一致性算法的海上风电场频率控制方法

基于DRU-HVDC送出系统的海上风电惯量支撑协调控制