虚拟电厂市场机制与盈利模式及欧洲运行实例分析

黄宇翔; 黄蔚亮; 牛振勇; 王莉; 马力; 陈皓勇

doi:10.7500/AEPS20240329009

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虚拟电厂市场机制与盈利模式及欧洲运行实例分析

综述·观点 | 更新时间：2025-06-16

- 虚拟电厂市场机制与盈利模式及欧洲运行实例分析
- Market Mechanisms and Profit Modes of Virtual Power Plants and Analysis of Their Operation Cases in Europe
- 电力系统自动化 2025年49卷第9期页码：17-30
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华南理工大学电力学院，广东省广州市 510640
  2.广东电网有限责任公司，广东省广州市 510600
  3.广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局，广东省广州市 510610
- 作者简介：
  
  黄宇翔(1996—)，男，博士研究生，主要研究方向：虚拟电厂与电力市场、电力经济学等。E-mail：893629600@qq.com
  黄蔚亮(1973—)，男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向：电力系统运行与控制、电力市场、电力调度等。E-mail：huangweiliang@im.gd.csn
  牛振勇（1978—），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向：电网调度运行、电力系统等。E-mail：18988800190@189.cn
  陈皓勇(1975—)，男，通信作者，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向：电力系统运行、综合能源系统、电力市场等。E-mail：eehychen@scut.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  中国南方电网有限责任公司重点科技项目(GDKJXM20220333)
- DOI：10.7500/AEPS20240329009
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2024-03-29，
  
  修回：2024-08-12，
  
  网络出版：2024-11-14，
  
  纸质出版：2025-05-10
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
黄宇翔,黄蔚亮,牛振勇等.虚拟电厂市场机制与盈利模式及欧洲运行实例分析[J].电力系统自动化,2025,49(9):17-30.

HUANG Yuxiang,HUANG Weiliang,NIU Zhenyong,et al.Market Mechanisms and Profit Modes of Virtual Power Plants and Analysis of Their Operation Cases in Europe[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2025,49(9):17-30.
黄宇翔,黄蔚亮,牛振勇等.虚拟电厂市场机制与盈利模式及欧洲运行实例分析[J].电力系统自动化,2025,49(9):17-30. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20240329009.

HUANG Yuxiang,HUANG Weiliang,NIU Zhenyong,et al.Market Mechanisms and Profit Modes of Virtual Power Plants and Analysis of Their Operation Cases in Europe[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2025,49(9):17-30. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20240329009.

摘要

虚拟电厂作为一种集中管理分散能源资源的聚合载体，因其能通过软件和通信技术优化电力分配和减少碳排放，在低碳能源转型中发挥着至关重要的作用。欧洲已涌现出许多成功的虚拟电厂实例，并且在电力交易品种、市场政策扶持和多样化盈利模式方面积累了丰富经验。文中首先介绍欧盟与英国的电力系统结构和电力市场体系，概述了欧洲低碳政策与电力市场改革对虚拟电厂发展的引导和支持。然后，分析了欧盟与英国在不同市场环境下虚拟电厂的参与方式和收益方法，并介绍了欧洲典型虚拟电厂的成功案例与运营模式。最后，结合中国国情和政策现状，提出了虚拟电厂市场化运行与可持续发展的建议。

Abstract

Virtual power plant (VPP)

as an aggregation carrier for centralized management of decentralized energy resources

plays a crucial role in the low-carbon energy transition because it can optimize power distribution and reduce carbon emissions through software and communication technology. Many successful VPP cases have emerged in Europe

and there is a wealth of experience in electricity trading varieties

market policy support and diversified profit modes. This paper first introduces the power system structure and electricity market system of European Union (EU) and UK

and summarizes the guidance and support of European low-carbon policy and electricity market reform to the development of VPPs. Then

the participation modes and profit methods of VPPs in different market environments of EU and UK are analyzed

and the successful cases and operation modes of typical VPPs in Europe are introduced. Finally

according to China’s national conditions and policy status

this paper puts forward some suggestions on the market operation and sustainable development of VPPs.

关键词

Keywords

references

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SRIVASTAVA A ， ZHAO J B ， ZHU H ， et al . Distribution system behind-the-meter DERs： estimation， uncertainty quantification， and control ［J/OL］. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ［ 2024-05-27 ］. https：//ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10539328 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10539328 .

PATA U K ， ERDOGAN S ， OZCAN B . Evaluating the role of the share and intensity of renewable energy for sustainable development in Germany ［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production ， 2023 ， 421 ： 138482 .

ACHA S ， VIEIRA G ， BIRD M ， et al . Modelling UK electricity regional costs for commercial buildings ［J］. Energy and Buildings ， 2022 ， 271 ： 112301 .

Flexitricity . The University of Edinburgh uses the CCS framework to set up a first class demand side response operation ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-07-15 ］. https：//www.flexitricity.com/res ources/case-studies/university-edinburgh-uses-ccs-framework-set-first-class-demand-side-response-operation/ https://www.flexitricity.com/resources/case-studies/university-edinburgh-uses-ccs-framework-set-first-class-demand-side-response-operation/ .

太阳能发电装机突破 6 亿千瓦［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6929204.htm https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6929204.htm .

The installed capacity of solar power generation exceeded 600 million kilowatts ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6929204.htm https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6929204.htm .

能源转型步伐加快我国风电太阳能发电装机超 11 亿千瓦［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202404/content_6947173.htm https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202404/content_6947173.htm .

The pace of energy transformation accelerated ， and China’s installed wind and solar power generation exceeded 1.1 billion kilowatts ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202404/content_6947173.htm https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202404/content_6947173.htm .

王宣元，刘蓁 . 虚拟电厂参与电网调控与市场运营的发展与实践［J］. 电力系统自动化， 2022 ， 46 （ 18 ）： 158 - 168 .

WANG Xuanyuan ， LIU Zhen . Development and practice of virtual power plant participating in power grid regulation and market operation ［J］. Automation of Electric Power Systems ， 2022 ， 46 （ 18 ）： 158 - 168 .

区域级虚拟电厂让电力资源“闻令而动” ［EB/OL］.［ 2024-07-15 ］. https：//gdstc.gd.gov.cn/kjzx_n/gdkj_n/content/post_4216773.html https://gdstc.gd.gov.cn/kjzx_n/gdkj_n/content/post_4216773.html .

Regional virtual power plant makes power resources “move according to orders” ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-07-15 ］. https：//gdstc.gd.gov.cn/kjzx_n/gdkj_n/content/post_4216773.html https://gdstc.gd.gov.cn/kjzx_n/gdkj_n/content/post_4216773.html .

黄剑平，陈皓勇，林镇佳，等 . 需求侧响应背景下分时电价研究与实践综述［J］. 电力系统保护与控制， 2021 ， 49 （ 9 ）： 178 - 187 .

HUANG Jianping ， CHEN Haoyong ， LIN Zhenjia ， et al . A summary of time-of-use research and practice in a demand response environment ［J］. Power System Protection and Control ， 2021 ， 49 （ 9 ）： 178 - 187 .

全额保障性收购可再生能源电量监管办法［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202403/t20240315_1364966.html https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202403/t20240315_1364966.html .

Regulatory measures for fully guaranteed purchase of renewable energy electricity ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202403/t20240315_1364966.html https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202403/t20240315_1364966.html .

国务院关于印发电力体制改革方案的通知［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-09/13/content_5223177.htm https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-09/13/content_5223177.htm .

Notice of The State Council on printing and distributing the reform plan of the electric power system ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-09/13/content_5223177.htm https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-09/13/content_5223177.htm .

湖北电力调频辅助服务市场交易规则［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//hzj.nea.gov.cn/UploadFiles/2022/72241655090431929_d28eb94e-e527-4ce2-84b1-d40abd04fbb2.pdf https://hzj.nea.gov.cn/UploadFiles/2022/72241655090431929_d28eb94e-e527-4ce2-84b1-d40abd04fbb2.pdf .

Hubei power frequency modulation auxiliary service market trading rules ［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//hzj.nea.gov.cn/UploadFiles/2022/72241655090431929_d28eb94e-e527-4ce2-8 4b1-d40abd04fbb2.pdf https://hzj.nea.gov.cn/UploadFiles/2022/72241655090431929_d28eb94e-e527-4ce2-84b1-d40abd04fbb2.pdf .

江苏电力辅助服务（调频）市场交易规则（试行）［EB/OL］.［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//jsb.nea.gov.cn/eWebEditor/webpic/202073154154108.pdf https://jsb.nea.gov.cn/eWebEditor/webpic/202073154154108.pdf .

Jiangsu power auxiliary service （frequency regulation） market trading rules （trial）［EB/OL］. ［ 2024-04-29 ］. https：//jsb.nea.gov.cn/eWebEditor/webpic/202073154154108.pdf https://jsb.nea.gov.cn/eWebEditor/webpic/202073154154108.pdf .

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