Prosumers

a group of special end-users emerging in recent years

have the dual roles of power supply and consumption with high potential in responding to the real-time market. In order to improve the efficiency of distributed generation and profits of energy supply and consumption

a multi-stage integrated response model is proposed for prosumers based on real-time electricity price. In the stage of pre-optimization

an hourly optimal demand bidding model is established with a comprehensive goal considering the incentive effect on economic

comfort and price of power consumption. With the goal of maximizing the profits of energy supply and considering the factors e. g. storage capacity and charge/discharge power constraints

storage blocking and dead zone

an hourly optimal supply offering model is presented. In the stage of response

an integrated response model is developed based on real-time electricity price and using hourly optimal demand bidding and supply offering information. It is essentially a model alternated by demand response for controllable load and supply response for distributed generation-storage system. Case study shows that the proposed integrated response approach not only notably reduces and shifts load at a high real-time price

but also successfully transfers power supply from low electricity price zones to high electricity price zones

which significantly improves the economics of power supply and consumption.