最新刊期
卷 50 ， 期 1 ， 2026
- 摘要：The construction and operation of the source-grid-load-storage integrated projects (hereinafter referred to as the integrated projects) can enhance local renewable-energy consumption and clean-electricity share, increase power-market flexibility, and propel the development of a new power system that supports the goals of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality. At present, the progress of integrated projects is unsatisfactory, with slow advancement and difficult deployment being prominent issues. This paper first summarizes the latest policy promotion and application-implementation status of integrated projects. It then reviews the current state of technology deployment and market participation. Next, it identifies the key technical challenges encountered during project rollout. Finally, it outlines future development trends and research directions.关键词：new power system;electricity market;renewable energy;source-grid-load-storage;implementation path0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Review·Perspective
- 摘要：Flexible interconnection is an effective solution to enhance the operation flexibility of distribution networks, with flexible interconnection devices (FIDs) serving as the key component for enabling power sharing and flexible operation between feeders. However, the cost of fully-controlled power electronic-based FIDs is relatively high, making them suitable for deployment only at critical interconnection points within the distribution network. To achieve comprehensive flexibility across the entire distribution network and reduce the cost of flexible interconnection between feeders, this paper analyzes and describes the operation characteristics of distribution network flexible interconnection based on a modified Sen transformer (MST). First, the power regulation mechanism of the MST is elaborated, and the node voltage constraints for flexible interconnection between feeders via the MST are derived. Then, the regulation range of active power transfer and reactive power support provided by the MST is characterized, and the impact of node voltage variations at the connected terminals on the operation boundaries of the MST is analyzed. Finally, the regulation performance of the MST is validated by using parameters from an actual 10.5 kV distribution network in Tianjin of China. The results demonstrate that, under conditions satisfying flexible interconnection requirements between feeders, the MST enables a wider range of power transfer regulation with a smaller capacity of power electronic devices, thereby supporting flexible control of the distribution network.关键词：distribution network;flexible interconnection;modified Sen transformer;operation characteristic;flexibility0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：With the advancement of the national “carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality” goal, a significant number of distributed energy sources, hybrid energy storage systems are being integrated into the distribution network. This integration has enriched the composition of distribution network elements, thereby making the exploration of new network architectures and functionalities increasingly relevant. Among these, the honeycomb distribution network has emerged as a promising new architecture due to its efficient energy dispatch and the synergistic operation of multiple microgrids. This paper proposes a streamlined hexagonal honeycomb distribution network (SHHDN) architecture optimized through the strategic placement of intelligent base stations (IBSs). Firstly, a structural model of SHHDN based on the non-Cartesian coordinate system (NCCS) is developed to determine the optimal siting of IBSs and their internal energy storage capacities. Secondly, an SHHDN dispatch model incorporating multiple IBSs is constructed based on the optimized IBS system layout. Finally, the proposed model is validated through simulation on a modified IEEE 33-bus system and a modified 97-bus system. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively smooths load fluctuations, reduces network losses, and facilitates renewable energy source (RES) integration with minimal IBS investment. This study provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for the flexible planning and low-carbon operation of next-generation distribution networks.关键词：honeycomb distribution network;energy storage;renewable energy;siting and sizing;operation scheduling;load fluctuation0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：As the penetration of photovoltaics (PV) in distribution networks is increasing, the dynamic reconfiguration method based on the coordination of the soft open point (SOP) with sectionalizing and tie switches has become a key technological pathway for ensuring safe and stable operation of distribution networks. However, the electro-thermal coupling characteristics of lines are often overlooked during dynamic reconfiguration, leading to errors in resistance calculations that can skew reconfiguration results and compromise the safe and economic operation of the power grid. To address this, a robust reinforcement learning-based dynamic reconfiguration method considering the line electro-thermal coupling characteristics is proposed for SOP-equipped distribution networks. Firstly, to mitigate system modeling errors caused by the assumption of constant line resistance, a dynamic reconfiguration model is developed for SOP-equipped distribution networks considering the electro-thermal coupling of lines. Secondly, the original optimization problem is transformed into a Markov decision process, and a reward function based on first-order affine polynomials is constructed to evaluate the operation risks arising from PV and load fluctuations, thereby enhancing decision robustness. On this basis, a robust deep reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed, which realizes effective learning of robust optimization strategies through confidence-based action selection and robust updating mechanism of action network parameters. Finally, simulation tests on IEEE 34-bus and 123-bus systems show that the proposed method can better capture the dynamic variation of line resistance compared with traditional modeling approaches, improve decision reliability, and effectively reduce operation cost and risk under short-term PV generation and load fluctuations.关键词：dynamic reconfiguration;soft open point;photovoltaics (PV);deep reinforcement learning;affine algorithm0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Aiming at the flexible interconnection among renewable energy grid-connected nodes in medium-voltage distribution networks, a soft open point (SOP) integrated with photovoltaic and energy storage for medium-voltage grid connection is proposed. This SOP has the capability to efficiently aggregate photovoltaic and energy storage resources and to improve the uneven distribution of power flow in distribution networks. Firstly, the topological structure of the photovoltaic-battery-hybrid cascaded SOP (PVBH-SOP) is proposed and the topology and modulation strategy of its single-stage isolated cascaded sub-modules are presented. Secondly, an average circuit model of the PVBH-SOP is established to analyze the control principle of its power flow. Then, three operation modes of the PVBH-SOP are described, along with their corresponding control strategies. Finally, a 10 kV/2 MW simulation platform for the PVBH-SOP system is established in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the proposed PVBH-SOP topology and control strategy.关键词：renewable energy;distribution network;flexible interconnection;soft open point (SOP);power flow;topology;photovoltaic and energy storage0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Key Technologies of Smart Distribution Network Based on Flexible Interconnection
- 摘要：As wind power increasingly becomes the mainstay of electricity supply, intra-day prediction deviations stemming from wind power uncertainty pose severe challenges to power balance. Look-ahead dispatch serves as an effective bridge between day-ahead dispatch and intra-day automatic generation control. To this end, a hierarchical early-warning method for balance risks in look-ahead dispatch of power grid considering the uncertainty of wind power is proposed. Furthermore, a sample enhancement method based on point estimation and matrix normal distribution theory is introduced. The parametric data generation mode is used to expand minority-class samples and enhance the model prediction accuracy and scenario coverage. Finally, based on the two key indicators of net load deviation and adjustable resource capacity, an early-warning model for multi-period balance risk in look-ahead dispatch is constructed to provide hierarchical early-warning for the balance risk of the system in the next few hours. Simulation on the IEEE 118-bus test system verify that the proposed method can rapidly and accurately provide early-warning of balance risks in the next few hours, and the hierarchical warnings furnish valuable reference information for look-ahead dispatch.关键词：wind power;uncertainty;look-ahead dispatch;prediction;early-warning;net load deviation;adjustable resource capacity;sample enhancement;balance risk0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：With the increasing complexity of the power source structure and grid topology in new power systems, the number of system nodes and units continues to rise. The solution for the security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model using traditional optimization methods faces problems such as the curse of dimensionality and slow calculation speed. Although the data-driven decision methods can quickly solve the SCUC model, the lack of interpretability makes the decision results unusable. To address these issues, a hybrid data-model-driven fast unit commitment solution method for the credibility enhancement is proposed. First, an SCUC solution model based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is constructed to achieve fast pre-solution for the unit start-up/shut-down decision results. Then, by comprehensively considering DRL behavior-level interpretability indicators and strategy-level interpretability indicators, a credibility evaluation system for the start-up/shut-down decisions is constructed to identify high-credibility unit start-up/shut-down results, and enhance the interpretability of decision results. Finally, the hybrid data-model-driven SCUC is constructed to achieve fast model solution and optimize and adjust the low-credibility decision results. The simulation verification based on a 748-bus system of a provincial power grid shows that the proposed method achieves fast SCUC solution on the premise of enhancing the interpretability of unit start-up/shut-down decision results.关键词：unit commitment;deep reinforcement learning (DRL);data-driven;interpretability;credibility0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Maintaining the system frequency quality is a key challenge to the construction of new power systems. The strong source-load fluctuations in the power system with high proportion of renewable energy have brought a higher requirement for the rationality of the total command allocation strategy of the automatic generation control (AGC). Existing command allocation strategies do not consider the response performance differences of regulation sources to various AGC commands under various operating conditions. The mismatch between AGC commands and power source operating conditions is prone to causing the disqualification response performance. To address this issue, an AGC regulation demand decomposition strategy for dynamically matching the real-time operating conditions of power sources is proposed. First, a data-driven qualification perception model of power source regulation performance is established. Whether the regulation performance of the power source is able to meet the assessment standard can be perceived under given operating conditions and received AGC commands. Based on this, the command range that the power source can effectively respond to is reversely inferred under the given operating conditions. Then, for the commonly used advanced allocation and real-time allocation, the AGC allocation strategies embedded with the command matching range are proposed to improve the matching degree between the AGC command allocation results and the power source operating conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated based on the actual data of gas turbines and hydropower units in a provincial power grid in China.关键词：new power system;automatic generation control (AGC);power source;renewable energy;command allocation;frequency regulation;qualification perception;frequency quality0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：The rapid development of new power systems has exacerbated frequency security challenges, making emergency control crucial for restoring stability during faults. This paper proposes a power system emergency frequency control method based on knowledge-embedded deep reinforcement learning. First, the emergency frequency control problem is formulated as a Markov decision process, with a simulation system serving as the reinforcement learning environment, and a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent is constructed based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. Furthermore, theoretical knowledge guides the action space optimization, integrating both over-frequency generator tripping and under-frequency load shedding scenarios. Finally, the proposed method is validated on the IEEE 39-bus system, demonstrating that the DRL agent can generate effective emergency frequency control strategies to ensure system security, and the knowledge-embedded technique enhances training stability and significantly improves policy learning efficiency and decision quality.关键词：artificial intelligence;new power system;frequency security;emergency frequency control;deep reinforcement learning (DRL);deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG);over-frequency generator tripping;under-frequency load shedding0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Photovoltaic (PV) units equipped with low voltage ride-through (LVRT) control adopt a reactive power priority principle during significant voltage drops, resulting in variations in active power output and subsequent participation in system frequency response. To address this, a modeling method for system frequency response is proposed, taking into account the LVRT characteristics of large-scale PV. First, based on the traditional frequency response model, the impact of large-scale integration of renewable energy sources such as PV on system inertia and primary frequency regulation is analyzed. This analysis characterizes the active power-frequency response pathway triggered by control switching behavior at PV stations during significant voltage drops. Subsequently, considering the numerous and diverse characteristics of units within a PV station, three typical LVRT active power characteristics are classified, and their dividing boundaries are established. The equivalent unit parameters are rapidly obtained by using a capacity-weighted approach. A two-stage slope method is employed to approximate the nonlinear active power characteristics of clusters, thereby establishing an equivalent active time-domain expression for the entire LVRT process of PV power stations. Furthermore, the active power variation due to LVRT at PV power stations is introduced as a disturbance excitation into the traditional frequency response model. Based on the temporal characteristics of the active power variation due to LVRT, it is segmented and represented as step changes, slopes, and other forms to obtain the analytical solution of frequency response. The impact of the LVRT characteristics on indicators such as the maximum rate of frequency change, the maximum frequency deviation, and the quasi-steady-state frequency deviation is analyzed. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed modeling method are validated in a 5-bus test system incorporating PV power stations.关键词：low voltage ride-through;grid-connected photovoltaic system;frequency response;inertia;modeling0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Aiming at the problem of reduced inertia in microgrids due to the high proportion of renewable energy integration, this paper focuses on the coordinated optimization of power economic allocation and data security in AC microgrids controlled by virtual synchronous generators. Firstly, an improved incremental cost consistency algorithm integrated with model predictive control is proposed to calculate the power imbalance value, breaking the limitation of traditional consistency algorithms where the leader node needs to calculate global information. Secondly, a two-dimensional coordinated self-triggered privacy protection strategy is proposed, and the differential privacy mechanism is adopted to inject noise into the interaction information to solve the data leakage problem. At the same time, the event-driven self-triggered mechanism is combined to reduce the computational burden and lower communication and encryption costs. Finally, the 4-machine 7-bus system is used for simulation verification. The results show that the proposed self-triggered privacy protection strategy significantly reduces communication and computing resources and enhances the robustness and privacy security of microgrid control.关键词：microgrid;virtual synchronous generator (VSG);privacy protection;power economic allocation;model predictive control;consistency algorithm0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：With the deepening coupling between power and natural-gas systems, cross-infrastructure cascading failures have become a critical threat to the secure and stable operation of the interconnection system To address this challenge, this paper proposes a risk assessment method of cascading failures in electricity-gas interconnection system considering multi-states of components. Firstly, a cascading-failure simulation model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the total cost of load shedding, transmission-line outages, and gas-pipeline ruptures while accounting for component multi-state behavior. Secondly, a multi-state component failure probability model is established to calculate the accident probability. Finally, a risk assessment method of cascading failures in electricity-gas interconnection system considering the severity of interconnected system load loss is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed model and method is demonstrated on a test system that combines the IEEE 24-bus power system with the 20-node Belgian gas system.关键词：electricity-gas interconnection system;cascading failure;multi-state component;load loss;risk assessment0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Conducting research on cascading failure defense is of great significance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of power systems. This paper proposes a cascading failure blocking method based on the coordination of multiple types of source-grid-load-storage resources, aiming to address the problems of high economic cost and blackout risk caused by the one-sided consideration of factors in the fault stage selection method for implementing existing blocking strategies and the insufficient coordination of multiple types of resources. First, considering the characteristics of phased load loss during the cascading evolution of faults, an improved fault chain risk assessment index is established. Then, considering the system response capability to fault cascading propagation and the degree of risk increase at different fault stages, a fault stage selection method for implementing blocking strategies based on the time-risk integrated importance is constructed. Finally, considering the mechanism and complementary potential of resources on the source, grid, load, and storage sides in cascading failure blocking, a coordinated cascading failure blocking model is proposed that integrates the characteristics of multi-type power output regulation on the source side, the flexible adjustment capability of the transmission network topology on the grid side, the graded power supply guarantee requirements for loads of various importance on the load side, and the rapid response characteristics of energy storage equipment. Simulation results show that applying the proposed blocking method at the selected fault stages can effectively reduce the blackout risk caused by cascading failures and significantly improve the economy of the blocking strategy and the safety of the power system.关键词：cascading failure;blocking;source-grid-load-storage;topology;power supply guarantee0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：The current source converter with enhanced fundamental frequency modulation (EFFM-CSC), which utilizes fully controllable integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) devices, has garnered widespread attention. Its advantages include simple topology, compact size and low weight, favorable harmonic characteristics, and flexible adjustment of active/reactive power. However, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems based on EFFM-CSC also face the severe fault of DC line short-circuits, and there is currently a lack of systematic quantitative analysis and research. Therefore, a computational circuit model in the complex frequency domain is established based on the topology of the EFFM-CSC converter station and the switching states at the short-circuit instant. Subsequently, the equivalent RLC parameters are derived according to the energy storage equivalence principle, and a fault equivalent model of the EFFM-CSC under DC short-circuit conditions is constructed. An analytical calculation formula for the DC fault current is derived, and the effects of system parameters and fault timing on the fault current are discussed. Based on the DC short-circuit fault characteristics of EFFM-CSC, a fault identification criterion and a fault current suppression strategy are proposed, and the control parameters of the suppression strategy are tuned. Finally, the correctness of the proposed fault current calculation method and fault suppression strategy is verified through simulation analysis.关键词：current source converter;enhanced fundamental frequency modulation;high-voltage direct current (HVDC);short circuit;fault identification;fault current suppression0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：In recent years, the offshore wind power industry has experienced rapid development, with levelized grid parity gradually becoming the mainstream trend. In the construction of large-scale offshore wind farms,cost reduction and efficiency improvement have emerged as critical factors for the sustainable development of offshore wind farms. Based on this, this paper proposes an optimal planning method of power collection systems for offshore wind power based on mixed-integer programming. The mathematical optimization model considers submarine cable selection, turbine elevation, node connectivity, and other factors, with objectives of minimizing both power collection system investment and life-cycle network loss costs. To enhance computational efficiency and convergence, an acceleration solving strategy using a simplified model for hot-start initialization is introduced. Based on two actual offshore wind farm cases, a numerical analysis is conducted to compare the planning results of proposed method and widely used planning software in the industry. Results show that using the proposed method in two offshore wind farms can effectively reduce the overall investment cost of the power collection system, demonstrating good optimization characteristics and confirming the application prospects of the proposed model and algorithm in the field of power collection system planning for offshore wind farms.关键词：offshore wind farm;power collection system;optimal planning;system loss;mixed-integer programming;hot-start0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：As a key outcome of Energy Internet development, integrated demand response (IDR) serves as an essential approach for enabling demand-side participation in interactions with the power grid. Its response methods mainly include energy substitution and energy time-shift, and it has significant advantages such as high user comfort level, strong response enthusiasm, large response potential, and relatively low uncertainty, thereby demonstrating broad development potential. First, the mechanisms of IDR are analyzed and an IDR profiling model that incorporates heterogeneous data is developed. Subsequently, for users in electricity-gas integrated energy systems, a gas substitution model is constructed based on vertical federated learning, while a power load shifting model is developed by integrating consumer psychology models to describe the characteristics of user demand response. Finally, by coupling the power load shifting model with the gas substitution model, an electricity-gas IDR profile is established to realize the precise characterization of user response potential based on price data. Case studies indicate that the proposed profiling model of IDR effectively considers the coupling and coordination between electricity and gas based on heterogeneous data, and can effectively characterize the response capabilities of users in electricity-gas integrated energy system, which provides a scientific basis for the optimal dispatching of energy systems.关键词：energy substitution;integrated energy system;multi-source data;integrated demand response (IDR);federated learning;profiling;electricity consumption behavior;load shifting0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：As the market logic of new power systems evolves into a complex, open market with multi-layer interactions and multi-market coupling, it is of great significance to study the pricing issues and game strategies of virtual power plants (VPPs) in the multi-market environment with coupling of electricity, carbon, and green certificate trading. Therefore, this paper proposes a coupled trading framework for the electricity-carbon-green certificate markets, involving the joint trading between distribution system operators (DSO) and multiple VPPs. A Stackelberg game model is established with the DSO as the leader and multiple VPPs as followers, exploring the dynamic pricing mechanism of the DSO and the bidding strategies of the VPPs in the coupled market. To further solve this model, an artificial neural network-enhanced regional dung beetle optimization (ANN-RDBO) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm, through model prediction, reduces the information interaction between upper and lower layers and lowers the number of lower-layer model calls, significantly improving the computation speed and accuracy. Simulation results verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical model, indicating that the framework and model enhance the autonomous regulation capability of VPPs in the multi-market environment, reduce the total trading costs within the region, and achieve carbon emission reduction in the system.关键词：virtual power plant;carbon market;carbon emission reduction;green certificate trading;dynamic pricing;Stackelberg game;neural network0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Basic Research
- 摘要：With the installed capacity of renewable energy and the proportion of DC input increasing year by year, the frequency stability problem of East China power grid is becoming increasingly complex and severe. In response to the active frequency support capability test of renewable energy conducted by East China power grid on September 29, 2021, this paper analyzes the primary frequency regulation performance of various types of power generation resources including wind power, energy storage, wind storage, and thermal storage under actual disturbances in East China power grid. Tests demonstrate that the modified renewable energy units generally have better fast frequency regulation capability. Based on the evolution trend of frequency characteristics of East China power grid, this paper explores the effect and adaptability of the existing active frequency support capability of renewable energy on improving the future frequency stability level of East China power grid and proposes the suggestions on follow-up research, providing decision support for further targeted enhancement of the active frequency support capability of renewable energy in East China.关键词：frequency stability;renewable energy;frequency support;primary frequency regulation;test0|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
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