Vehicle-to-Grid for Large-scale Applications: Practical Progress, Key Bottlenecks, and Technical Pathways

HUANG Xueliang; LIU Yongdong; ZHANG Ziqi; GONG Chengming; GAO Shan; YAO Hanyi

doi:10.7500/AEPS20250930004

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Vehicle-to-Grid for Large-scale Applications: Practical Progress, Key Bottlenecks, and Technical Pathways

Key Technologies and Practical Applications of Vehicle\-to\-Grid in New Power System | 更新时间：2026-08-21

- Vehicle-to-Grid for Large-scale Applications: Practical Progress, Key Bottlenecks, and Technical Pathways
- Automation of Electric Power Systems Vol. 50, Issue 15, Pages: 3-22(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.东南大学电气工程学院，江苏省南京市 210018
  2.中国电力企业联合会标准化中心，北京市 100761
  3.南京师范大学南瑞电气与自动化学院，江苏省南京市 210023
  4.南京德睿特来电能源研究院有限公司，江苏省南京市 210012
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  Special Fund Project for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Jiangsu Province(BE2022030-2)
- DOI：10.7500/AEPS20250930004
  CLC：
- Received：30 September 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-06-08，
  
  Online First：01 July 2026，
  
  Published：10 August 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
黄学良,刘永东,张梓麒等.面向规模化应用的车网互动：实践进展、关键瓶颈与发展路径[J].电力系统自动化,2026,50(15):3-22.

HUANG Xueliang,LIU Yongdong,ZHANG Ziqi,et al.Vehicle-to-Grid for Large-scale Applications: Practical Progress, Key Bottlenecks, and Technical Pathways[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2026,50(15):3-22.
黄学良,刘永东,张梓麒等.面向规模化应用的车网互动：实践进展、关键瓶颈与发展路径[J].电力系统自动化,2026,50(15):3-22. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20250930004.

HUANG Xueliang,LIU Yongdong,ZHANG Ziqi,et al.Vehicle-to-Grid for Large-scale Applications: Practical Progress, Key Bottlenecks, and Technical Pathways[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2026,50(15):3-22. DOI： 10.7500/AEPS20250930004.

摘要

大规模电动汽车在新型电力系统中的战略价值已获得广泛认可。车网互动作为交通与能源系统深度融合的关键纽带，其试点应用在全国范围内多点铺开，但规模化推广仍面临系统性瓶颈。文中首先立足交通能源融合视角，聚焦多元场景下车网互动支撑新型电力系统建设的核心特征，系统梳理典型试点工作的应用成效。然后，从规划、设备、平台、机制、用户和标准等维度，揭示规模化推广中的核心制约。最后，提出系统性创新架构并探讨大模型驱动的用户行为画像、交通-能源系统协同和数字孪生平台等前沿研究方向，展望车网互动远期图景并提出分阶段技术路径与政策建议，旨在为车网互动高质量、规模化发展提供理论支撑与实践指引。

Abstract

The strategic value of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) in new power systems has been widely recognized. Serving as a critical connector for deep integration between transportation and energy systems

vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has been launched in multiple pilot projects nationwide. However

its large-scale deployment is hindered by systematic bottlenecks. From the integrated transportation-energy perspective

this paper first focuses on core features of V2G for facilitating the development of new power systems in diverse scenarios and systematically summarizes practical benefits from typical pilot practices. Then

core limitations to large-scale V2G deployment are clarified from six dimensions covering planning

equipment

platforms

mechanisms

users and standards. Finally

a systematic innovation framework is proposed

and cutting-edge research directions such as user behavior profiling driven by large models

transportation-energy system synergy

and digital twin platforms are explored. The long-term vision of V2G is envisioned

and phased technical paths and policy recommendations are proposed

aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-quality and large-scale development of V2G.

关键词

Keywords

references

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Hualong Net . Synergistic innovation demonstration of “integration of PV， storage， charging， discharging， and inspection” leads the pioneer path of “green and low-carbon ”［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//news.cqnews.net/1/detail/1212037068225351680 /web/content_1212037068225351680.html https://news.cqnews.net/1/detail/1212037068225351680/web/content_1212037068225351680.html .

晋城市人民政府门户网站 . 5分钟便捷换电！我市首座新能源重卡充换电一体站投用［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.jcgov.gov.cn/dtxx/jcdt/202405/t20240509_1980090.shtml https://www.jcgov.gov.cn/dtxx/jcdt/202405/t20240509_1980090.shtml .

Jincheng City People’s Government Portal Website . 5 minute convenient battery swap！ The first integrated charging and swap station for new energy heavy-duty trucks in our city put into operation ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.jcgov.gov.cn/dtxx/jcdt/202405/t20240509_1980090.shtml https://www.jcgov.gov.cn/dtxx/jcdt/202405/t20240509_1980090.shtml .

新华网山东频道 . 济南起步区充换电示范站充电量超200万千瓦时［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//sd.news.cn/20250417/ca815eedca3447d4acdbd9d225326b11/c.html http://sd.news.cn/20250417/ca815eedca3447d4acdbd9d225326b11/c.html .

Xinhua Net Shandong Channel . Charging volume of Jinan starting area charging and swap demonstration station exceeds 2 million kW·h ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//sd.news.cn/20250417/ca815eedca3447d4acdbd9d225326b11/c.html http://sd.news.cn/20250417/ca815eedca3447d4acdbd9d225326b11/c.html .

经济日报 . 我国首次省域范围内大规模车网互动应用实施——电动汽车变身“充电宝” ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//paper.ce.cn/pc/content/202408/19/content_299623.html http://paper.ce.cn/pc/content/202408/19/content_299623.html .

Economic Daily . China’s first large-scale vehicle-to-grid application implemented at the provincial level-electric vehicles become “power banks” ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//paper.ce.cn/pc/content/202408/19/content_299623.html http://paper.ce.cn/pc/content/202408/19/content_299623.html .

苏州市人民政府 . 全国首个换电虚拟电厂建成投运［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szyw/202503/a60985e397184d0c9fbfb424db962de1.shtml https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szyw/202503/a60985e397184d0c9fbfb424db962de1.shtml .

Suzhou Municipal People’s Government . Nation’s first battery swap virtual power plant built and put into operation ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szyw/202503/a60985e397184d0c9fbfb424db962de1.shtml https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/szyw/202503/a60985e397184d0c9fbfb424db962de1.shtml .

中国科技网 . 国网湖北电力项目入选国家首批车网互动规模化应用试点［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-04/06/content_320436.html https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-04/06/content_320436.html .

China Science and Technology Net . State Grid Hubei Electric Power Project selected for the national first batch of large-scale application pilots for vehicle-to-grid ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-04/06/content_320436.html https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-04/06/content_320436.html .

中国科技网 . 国内首次基于“5G+量子”虚拟电厂精准调度车网互动规模化实测活动举办［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-5/30/content_348501.html https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-5/30/content_348501.html .

Science and Technology Daily . China’s first large-scale field test of precise vehicle-to-grid scheduling based on “5G+ quantum” virtual power plant conducted ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-05/30/content_348501.html https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2025-05/30/content_348501.html .

中国能源报 . 南方电网公司开展全国规模最大车网互动［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202504/07/content_30067398.html https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202504/07/content_30067398.html .

China Energy News . China Southern Power Grid conducts nation’s largest vehicle-to-grid activity ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202504/07/content_30067398.html https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202504/07/content_30067398.html .

深圳市发展和改革委员会 . 7万度起步！开启车网互动国家试点“深圳加速度” ［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//fgw.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/qt/gzdt/content/post_12254427.html https://fgw.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/qt/gzdt/content/post_12254427.html .

Shenzhen Municipal Development and Reform Commission . Starting with 70 000 kW·h！ Shenzhen accelerates national pilot for vehicle-to-grid［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//fgw.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/qt/gzdt/content/post_12254427.html https://fgw.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/qt/gzdt/content/post_12254427.html .

新华网 . 贵州首座“光储充放一体”全液冷超充站投运［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//gz.news.cn/20250710/a70c067faa7e4a6a9d09a7000c5cd011/c.html http://gz.news.cn/20250710/a70c067faa7e4a6a9d09a7000c5cd011/c.html .

Xinhua Net . Guizhou’s first all-liquid-cooled supercharging station with integrated PV， storage， charging and discharging put into operation ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. http：//gz.news.cn/20250710/a70c067faa7e4a6a9d09a7000c5cd011/c.html http://gz.news.cn/20250710/a70c067faa7e4a6a9d09a7000c5cd011/c.html .

深圳市坪山区人民政府 . 深圳市坪山区落实“双碳”战略进一步推动新能源产业高质量发展的若干措施［EB/OL］.［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.szpsq.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/qgfxwj/content/post_12264577.html https://www.szpsq.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/qgfxwj/content/post_12264577.html .

The People’s Government of Pingshan District， Shenzhen . Several measures of Pingshan District， Shenzhen for implementing the “dual carbon” strategy and further promoting the high-quality development of the new energy industry ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-07-23 ］. https：//www.szpsq.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/qgfxwj/content/post_12264577.html https://www.szpsq.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/qgfxwj/content/post_12264577.html .

南京市交通运输局 . 南京市2024年度充电设施建设运营市级财政补贴办法［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//nqt.nanjing.gov.cn/nqtmh/njyst/pages/policy_artical.html policyguid=F7CA1D50-81B9-40E9-BAB7-1A5E52DF934C https://nqt.nanjing.gov.cn/nqtmh/njyst/pages/policy_artical.htmlpolicyguid=F7CA1D50-81B9-40E9-BAB7-1A5E52DF934C .

Nanjing Municipal Transportation Bureau . Measures for municipal fiscal subsidies for the construction and operation of charging facilities in Nanjing （ 2024 ）［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//nqt.nanjing.gov.cn/nqtmh/njyst/pages/policy_artical.html policyguid=F7CA1D50-81B9-40E9-BAB7-1A5E52DF934C https://nqt.nanjing.gov.cn/nqtmh/njyst/pages/policy_artical.htmlpolicyguid=F7CA1D50-81B9-40E9-BAB7-1A5E52DF934C .

海南省发展改革委 . 关于印发《海南省电动汽车充电基础设施建设运营补贴工作流程》的函［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//baoting.hainan.gov.cn/zfxxgk/xgbmgk/kjgyxxcy/gkml/202105/P020210528606225374642.pdf https://baoting.hainan.gov.cn/zfxxgk/xgbmgk/kjgyxxcy/gkml/202105/P020210528606225374642.pdf .

Hainan Provincial Development and Reform Commission . Letter on issuing the “Work Procedures for the Construction， Operation， and Subsidies of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Hainan Province ”［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//baoting.hainan.gov.cn/zfxxgk/xgbmgk/kjgyxxcy/gk ml/202105/P020210528606225374642.pdf https://baoting.hainan.gov.cn/zfxxgk/xgbmgk/kjgyxxcy/gkml/202105/P020210528606225374642.pdf .

广州市人民政府 . 广州市推动智能网联新能源汽车产业发展三年行动计划［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/fggw/sfbgtwj/content/post_10322829.html https://www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/fggw/sfbgtwj/content/post_10322829.html .

Guangzhou Municipal People’s Government . Three-year action plan for promoting the development of the intelligent connected and new energy vehicle industry in Guangzhou ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/fggw/sfbgtwj/content/post_10322829.html https://www.gz.gov.cn/zwgk/fggw/sfbgtwj/content/post_10322829.html .

合肥市人民政府 . 推动智能网联新能源汽车产业高质量发展若干政策［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.baohe.gov.cn/public/13771/111237664.html https://www.baohe.gov.cn/public/13771/111237664.html .

Hefei Municipal People’s Government . Policies for promoting high-quality development of the intelligent connected and new energy vehicle industry ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.baohe.gov.cn/public/13771/111237664.html https://www.baohe.gov.cn/public/13771/111237664.html .

上海市发展和改革委员会 . 上海市新型电力系统调节能力奖励资金管理办法［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_gfxwj/20250519/463852516eb64060b6962fb68c2b75fb.html https://fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_gfxwj/20250519/463852516eb64060b6962fb68c2b75fb.html .

Shanghai Municipal Development and Reform Commission . Administrative measures for the reward funds for regulating capacity of the new-type power system in Shanghai ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_gfxwj/20250519/463852516eb64060b6962fb68c2b75fb.html https://fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_gfxwj/20250519/463852516eb64060b6962fb68c2b75fb.html .

杭州日报 . 全省首推！杭州出台迎峰度夏新政策［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/7/1/art_812269_59114605.html https://www.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/7/1/art_812269_59114605.html .

Hangzhou Daily . Province’s first！ Hangzhou introduces new policy for peak summer period ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//www.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/7/1/art_812269_591 14605.html https://www.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2025/7/1/art_812269_59114605.html .

成都市经济和信息化局 . 关于进一步增强成都市电力保障能力的若干政策措施相关奖补实施细则［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsjxw/c132904/2025-05/27/content_0cce3a018d0246c4a583808bd7fbf5d4.shtml https://cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsjxw/c132904/2025-05/27/content_0cce3a018d0246c4a583808bd7fbf5d4.shtml .

Chengdu Municipal Bureau of Economy . Implementation rules for awards and subsidies related to measures for further enhancing the power security capability of Chengdu City ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsjxw/c132904/2025-05/27/content_0cce3a018d0246c4a583808bd7fbf5d4.shtml https://cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/cdsjxw/c132904/2025-05/27/content_0cce3a018d0246c4a583808bd7fbf5d4.shtml .

四川省发展和改革委员会 . 关于明确成都市车网互动试点项目放电上网电价有关事项的通知［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/gkml/xzgfxwj/13769393021009 26464.shtml https://cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/gkml/xzgfxwj/1376939302100926464.shtml .

Sichuan Provincial Development and Reform Commission . Notice on relevant matters concerning the feed-in tariff for discharging from vehicle-to-grid pilot projects in Chengdu ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/gkml/xzgfxwj/1376939302100926464.shtml https://cdjx.chengdu.gov.cn/gkml/xzgfxwj/1376939302100926464.shtml .

广东省发展和改革委员会 . 关于新能源汽车向电网放电上网电价问题的批复［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_4710468.html https://drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_4710468.html .

Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Commission . Official reply on the feed-in tariff for new energy vehicles discharging to the power grid ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_4710468.html https://drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_4710468.html .

江苏省发展和改革委员会 . 关于优化工商业分时电价结构促进新能源消纳降低企业用电成本支持经济社会发展的通知［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//fgw.nanjing.gov.cn/njsfzhg gwyh/202505/t20250506_5140665.html https://fgw.nanjing.gov.cn/njsfzhggwyh/202505/t20250506_5140665.html .

Jiangsu Provincial Development and Reform Commission . Notice on optimizing the time-of-use electricity pricing structure for industrial and commercial users to promote renewable energy consumption， reduce enterprise electricity costs， and support economic and social development ［EB/OL］. ［ 2025-09-26 ］. https：//fgw.nanjing.gov.cn/njsfzhggwyh/202505/t20250506_5140665.html https://fgw.nanjing.gov.cn/njsfzhggwyh/202505/t20250506_5140665.html .

山东省发展和改革委员会，国家能源局山东监管办公室，山东省能源局 . 关于开展车网互动价格机制改革试点工作的通知［EB/OL］.［ 2025-09-26 ］. http：//fgw.shandong.gov.cn/art/2025/1/6/art_91687_10456708.html http://fgw.shandong.gov.cn/art/2025/1/6/art_91687_10456708.html .

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