Significant benefits in economics and environment could be attained from the development of Energy Internets
with the objectives of implementing complementarity
coordination and optimization among multi-energy systems. Recent developments in some key technologies
such as vehicle to grid(V2G)and power to gas(P2G)
impose new requirements for the energy management of multiple kinds of energy in an energy internet. Given this background
a park-level Energy Internet(PEI)with integrated electric vehicles(EVs)and P2G devices is addressed. First
an interactive framework of the PEI is proposed
including the energy suppliers
park operator and user agent. A Stackelberg game model is then established
in which the park operator and user agent rationally seek optimal strategies to maximize their own benefits. The park operator(the leader)determines the optimal energy procurement portfolio from the energy suppliers
the optimal operation strategy of owned devices and sets prices for various kinds of energy for the user agent while the user agent(the follower)adjusts the energy consumption profile with respect to dynamic energy price signals. Next
the Stackelberg game model is transformed into a mixed integer linear programming problem through jointly employing the KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)optimality condition
the duality theory and the relaxation technology
and then solved with the well-developed YALMIP/GUROBI commercial solver. Finally
a sample industrial park is employed to demonstrate the presented model and solution method. The performances of V2G and P2G in promoting the overall economic benefits
as well as enhancing the capability of accommodating wind power